Business Cycle Essay - 800 Words

In everyday society, companies are affected by the economy. The company either suffers or benefits depending on what kind of economy it is. This will depend on what kind of company it is, and what kind of market the business does well in. The Business Cycle is what determines this factor. It is a term used in economics to designate changes in the economy. Timing of the business cycle is not predictable, but its phases seem to be. Many economists site four phases—prosperity, liquidation, depression, and recovery. During a period of prosperity, a rise in production leads to increases in employment, wages, and profits. Obstacles then begin to obstruct further expansion. Production costs can increase, helping create a rise in prices, and†¦show more content†¦Peapod, is an Internet grocer that provides online grocery shopping to various cities across the country. In an economy where unemployment is rapidly decreasing , anything that can allow people to get things done easily and swiftly are greatly appreciated. Since Americans work more hours than any other country in this world, Peapod can only benefit from everybody’s inability to not stop working. Nobody has enough time to do the little things, like get gas, go grocery shopping, etc.†¦ Society is also willing to pay the extra bucks to have the groceries hand delivered to their doors because grocery shopping is a hassle and its annoying. No one likes doing it but it is something you have to do, might as well have someone else do it for you. Peapod is a sure thing for the next millennium. FannieMae is a company that makes capital by lending money to people who need mortgages and by borrowing money at low interest rates. FannieMae is able to make money in any kind of economy. During times of low interest rates they make money on people who bought fixed rate mortgages at a time of high interest rates. They also have a hard making money during this time because their marginal percentage is smaller and they make less of a profit. During times of high interest rates, they lose money on people who bought fixed rate mortgages at low interest rates. They also make a lot of assets during this time because they borrow from the federal reserve or banks at lower interest rates and lendShow MoreRelatedBusiness Cycle1566 Words   |  7 PagesASSIGNMENT 1 Introduction In macroeconomics, business cycle played an important role to show what a national economy is going; therefore, this essay will define what business cycle is and its characteristics. Besides, all of variables such as Real Gross Domestic Product (RGDP), inflation and unemployment rate and their behaviour in the business cycle will be also demonstrated in the second part. The final part of this essay will analyse and compare the situation of Australian economy and USARead MoreEffect Of The Business Cycle Essay983 Words   |  4 PagesThis study uses time-series data from the CPS March data to investigate the effect of the business cycle from 2003 to 2014 on the wage differentials between females and males. The CPS is a monthly sample survey of approximately 60,000 households conducted by the Census Bureau for the Bureau of Labor Statistics, which can be considered as the primary source of labor force statistics for the population of the United States. This study also uses data from th e Local Area Unemployment Statistics (LAUS)Read MoreMexico Business Cycle1260 Words   |  6 PagesMexico’s Business Cycle The term business cycle or economic cycle refers to the fluctuations of economic activity around its long-term growth trend. It involves shifts over time between periods of relatively rapid growth of output-recovery and prosperity, and periods of relative stagnation or decline- contraction or recession. These fluctuations are often measured using real gdp. Despite being termed cycles, these fluctuations in economic growth and decline do not follow a purely mechanicalRead MoreStages of a Business Cycle2741 Words   |  11 PagesSTAGES OF A BUSINESS CYCLE RECESSION A recession—also sometimes referred to as a trough—is a period of reduced economic activity in which levels of buying, selling, production, and employment typically diminish. This is the most unwelcome stage of the business cycle for business owners and consumers alike. A particularly severe recession is known as a depression. RECOVERY Also known as an upturn, the recovery stage of the business cycle is the point at which the economy troughs out and startsRead MoreBusiness Cycles Essay1804 Words   |  8 PagesBusiness cycles affect all individuals within the population. Whether as part of the general public, consisting of customers and consumers, or as part of the world of business, from small local companies to large multi-national organisations. Obviously, all governments aim for economic growth within societies, in order to achieve national progression. This can include various factors such as high levels of employment, investment and general business confidence. However, things do not alwaysRead MoreReal Business Cycles Hypothesis Sees Cycles1839 Words   |  8 PagesIntroduction Real Business Cycles hypothesis sees cycles as starting in frictionless splendidly focused economies with for the most part finish markets subject to genuine stuns (irregular changes in innovation or efficiency), it makes the contention that cycles are predictable with aggressive general harmony situations in which all operators are levelheaded maximizers (The Economist). In opposition to what Keynesian, Monetarist, and new traditional business analysts trusted, RBC scholars, beginningRead MoreMacro Economics - Business Cycles1410 Words   |  6 PagesBusiness Cycles Business Cycles ââ€" º The value of real GDP over time shows periodic fluctuations in its movement ââ€" º The business cycle refers to the periodic fluctuations of economic activity about its long term growth trend ââ€" º The Business cycle is the more or less regular pattern of expansion (recovery) and contraction (recession) in economic activity around the path of trend growth. ï‚ § At cyclical peak, economic activity is high relative to trend ï‚ § At a cyclical trough, the lowRead MoreThe Four Stages Of The Business Cycle799 Words   |  4 Pagesstages of the business cycle are complex phases that our economy undergoes. To grasp the concept of the stages, you must first be familiarized with the business cycle itself. The business cycle is the alternating periods of growth and decline. Or to be more intricate, â€Å"The business cycle is the periodic but irregular up-and-down movement in economic activity, measured by fluctuations in real gross domestic product (GDP) and other macroeconomic variables,† (Inc.com). A business cycle is comprised ofRead MoreKeynes Theory Of Business Cycles Essay2306 Words   |  10 PagesKeynes Theory of Business Cycles Introduction A business cycle refers to a phenomenon of alternating periods of expansion and contraction in economic activity. In many cases such as have been witnessed in free market nations including the USA and Great Britain, economic growth is characterized by long-run upward GNP growth, followed by large periodic short-run fluctuations in economic activity. The economic period associated with high income, output and unemployment, is also known as upswing expansionRead MoreThe Economic Position On The Business Cycle1507 Words   |  7 Pageshe business cycle, also known as the trade cycle, is defined as â€Å"the fluctuation in economic activity that an economy experiences over a period of time† (SOURCE). Basically, the trade cycle is the alternating cyclical movement of economic conditions; phasing through periods of expansion, peaks, contractions, troughs and recoveries. Predicting the whereabouts of a nation and its economy on the trade cycle is a very important challenge; as the d etermination of current and forecasted economic conditions

Police Brutality in Anywhere, USA Essay - 738 Words

After our marching bands performance at a football game was cancelled because of lightning, about six or seven of the band members (including a few student leaders) sat around shooting the breeze, not fighting, not smoking, not drinking, not being loud. An unmarked police car rolled up and our conversation stopped as we turned our attention to him. nbsp; In an acrid and condescending tone, the policeman pointed a finger to the exit of the parking lot and said, Out. nbsp; Okay, just give us a moment to figure out what we can do, we replied. We wondered if Friendlys was still open, and asked the officer, who gave us a cold look. nbsp; You can get out now, or in 20 minutes I can start writing tickets for†¦show more content†¦My friend and I, both student leaders, got out of the car to address the situation. nbsp; The officer, frantic and quite enraged at his own idiocy, pointed a menacing finger at me, Let me see your ID. nbsp; Why do want to see my ID? I asked, because I was the passenger. nbsp; Let me see your ID! he demanded. I asked why again, reminding him that it was a legitimate question. Getting the same non-answer, I started to hand him my license. He all but ripped it from my hand. nbsp; And may I have your name? I asked. He is Detective X. nbsp; A fine representation of the Marching Knights you are! he yelled. I must have missed the meeting that decided nothing cordial will be said by, and no questions will be asked of, an officer of the law. Even though my parents pay him his salary, he is above acting like a decent human being. His last name sounded familiar. I should have known better than to ask if I knew his son. The officers eyes widened and he yelled, You leave my family out of this! I guess that was his way of saying yes. nbsp; As three more police cars showed up, Officer X instructed everyone to go home except for me and my friend. He said he knew everyone had junior licenses and would be out past curfew, when actually the only one who did was rear-ended by a cop, which caused him to stay out way past curfew (nice irony). Officer X also suggested, very rudely, that aShow MoreRelatedThe Epidemic of Police Brutality1046 Words   |  5 Pages Police are abusing their power, of their badge, instead of serve and protect; their ignoring and abusing. Theres been many killings (almost about 5,000 people),abusing, and people being ignored from police, Why? For nearly 50 years, a deadly and effective attack has been orchestrated against local police departments all throughout the United States and most Americans do not even realize it is happening. News people like CNN, CBS, or Fox 4 News sometimes get a scoop of the police beating, butRead MoreThe Relationship Between Politics And Hip Hop Music Essay1570 Words   |  7 Pagesgraffiti writing and break dancing. As this style of music became more established, an evolution began, as sampling technology and drum machines became more affordable and widely available. Although the origins of hip-hop music seem to begin in the USA, over a century before this West African musician told stories rhythmically, accompanied only by drums. Meanwhile in the Caribbean Islands, folk musicians were telling stories in rhyme – both were laying the foundations for modern day American rap musicRead MoreThe Black Panther Party For Self Defense1652 Words   |  7 Pagesorganizing and community based programs . The supplement Ten Point Program of the Black Panther Party included: Freedom, Full Employment, an end to robbery by the capitalists of black community, housing, education, exemption from military service, end to police, freedom for convicted blacks, wanting all people tried in court to be tried by jury of their peer group from black communities, and land, bread, clothing, justice, and peace. 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Follicular And Mantle Cell Lymphomas Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

string(319) " purging perchance of import ; unproved Whether it has maior consequence on results ; value of post-transplantation RTX uncertain ; talker recommends handling rate 3 FL per protocols for DLBCL Questions and replies: consequence of length of i ¬\?rst remittal on recommendations for ASCT – in other diseases \( e\." follicular lymphoma 2nd most common type of lymphoma in United States ; diagnosticians able to name PL with less information and more duplicability than any other type of lymphoma ; FLs vary in character ; cutaneal ( follicle centre cell ) lymphomas normally curable with local therapy ; duodenal and paediatric -both rare indolent diseases ; make good with minimum therapy ; by and large non do of decease in affected patients Grade 3 follicular lymphoma: presently defined by figure of big ( blast ) cells per high-power field ( HPF ) ; method tolerably accurate in FL, and most consistent ; grade 1, lt ; 5 big cells per HPF, grade 2, 5 to 15 per HPF, and grade 3, gt ; 15 per HPF ; duplicability survey — -diagnosis of FL by diagnosticians gt ; 90 % consistent, but well less accurate in finding class: class 3 FL farther classified as 3A ( big cleaved cells ) and 3B ( blast cells ) ; nevertheless, limited truth in finding class may bespeak limited duplicability in separating 3A fr om 3B ; distinctniess of class 3B ( Sloan-Kettering survey ) — -maximum standardised consumption ( [ SUV ] of fluorodeoxy glucose on antielectron emanation imaging [ PET ] ) in class 3 FL more similar to SUV in patients with diffuse similar to SUV in patients with diffuse big B cell lymphoma ( DLBCL ) than grade 1 or 2 FL ; Harris survey — per centum of Ki-67 stain-positive cells increased With increasing class of FL, with grade 3 FL staining near to degrees seen in DLBCL ; several surveies showed that some patients with FL grade 3 treated with cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, Oncovin ( oncotic ) and Pediapred ( CHOP ) or CHOP like regimens had response to therapy similar to that of patients with DLBCL ; ability to bring around this group justifies handling all patients with grade 3 FL with regimens used to handle DLBCL.Low-grade FL: multiple effectual interventions available ( best one as yet unknown ) : ticker and wait – lupus erythematosus favored ; single-agen t Leukeran or cyclophosphamide — no longer used ( most patients treated with combination therapy ) ; local radiation therapy ( RT ) — used in patients with localised disease: total-body irradiation — out of favour ; patient Immunity and FL ( Rosenberg survey ) — showed self-generated slirinkage of FL in many patients ; multiple surveies show patients with fewer macrophages have better endurance than patients with high degrees ( may explicate shrinking without intervention ) ; vaccinum survey — -without intervention ) ; vaccinum survey — subset of patients who made antibodies had duplicating of progression-free endurance ( PFS ; suggests possibility of use of _relationship between FL and environment ) ; Gallic survey – inauspicious consequence of high macrophage degrees eliminated in patients treated with rituximab ( RTX ; suggests changing microenvironment as possible mechanism of action of interventions, including autologous root cell organ transplant [ ASCT ] ) ; ASCT non considered intervention for FL until late ( despite informations ) ASCT as salvage therapy: Chemotherapy, Unpurged and Purged ( CUP ) test – patients randomized to CHOP chemotherapy ( CTX ) entirely, or ASCT ( with or without purged marrow ) plus CHOP, in patients who had failed on Leukeran or other CTX ; patients in both organ transplant weaponries had important advantage in PFS and overall endurance ( OS ) ; survey indicates ASCT effectual therapy before RTX ; consequences decline after insistent intervention ; 3 of 4 upfront ASCT surveies in patients with FL show extremely important advantage in PFS ( no agvantage in OS ) , but upfront ASCT non done in United States ; St. Bart’s/Dana Farber and UNMC informations — – of patients Farber and UNMC informations — of patients treated with ASCT ( pre-RTX, largely grades 1 and 2 ) , somewhat lt ; 50 % had 10-yr freedom from disease patterned advance Possible functions of RTX in FL: remedy of FL ( rid ofing demand for organ transplant ) -Stanford survey update, UNMC survey, and Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results ( SEER ) data show betterment in FL endurance over past 3 decennaries ; RTX of import subscriber to alter ( although other factors possible ) ; Cochrane meta-analysis — patients given RTX in initial therapy had extremely important survival advantage ; UNMC informations analysis suggests patients with low-grade FL and initial intervention with RTX had superior endurance, compared to patients having RTX at other times or non at all ; Primary RTX and Maintenance ( PRIMA ) survey – care RTX increased opportunity of continued remittal by 20 % ; consequence larger in patients with complete response ( CR ) than in those with partial response ( PR ) ; Swiss survey — demonstrated survival advantage with merely 4 extra doses of RTX ; analysis of PET informations from PRIMA survey — negative findings on PET seen in 92 % of patients with true CR ; one-third of patients with unsure CR PET-positive ; 20 % of patients with progressive disease 20 % of patients with progressive disease PET-negative ; PET negativeness best forecaster of result ; RTX improves endurance of FL, but unclear Whether it cures high proportion of patients with low-grade FL, ASCT after RTX therapy: Spanish survey and Collaborative Trial in Relapse Aggressive Lymphoma ( CORAL ) — — – patients with DLBCL treated with RTX before ASCT # 50 % more likely to be cured than patients with no RTX ; perchance due to bring around rate of patients after RTX therapy ( ie, patients still necessitating ASCT after RTX probably had more immune disease ) ; German surveies – patients witlt FL randomized to ASCT V care with interferon ( IFN ) af ter initiation with CHOP ; patients who got CHOP plus RTX ( R-CHOP ) and ASCT had somewhat better endurance than patients on IFN ; patients without RTX had much better endurance with ASCT than with IFN ; Cleveland study – no important difference in endurance after ASCT betweett patients with relapsed FL who had received RTX in past and those who had non In vivo purge: no direct informations available on effects on ASCT results ; UNMC informations — patients treated with monoclonal antibodies ( MAB ) and RTX earlier cell aggregation had better results after ASCT ( ill-defined how much betterment due toMAB V RTX ) ; Gallic survey – patients treated with MAB for salvage therapy had better results ; other surveies -majority of patients had no tumour cells ( per polymerase concatenation reaction [ PCR ] ) after RTX Post-transplantation care: small informations available ; several surveies showed important proportions of patients had delayed neutropenia or hypoganimma gloibulinemia if treated with RTX after ASCT ; no inerease in mortality seen with RTX, but it gives no advantage ( and increases trouble for patients ) ‘Conclusions: public-service corporation of RTX in FL remains ill-defined ; ASCT remains best tratment in younger healthier patients for relapsed FL ; best given after first intervention failure ; vivo purging perchance of import ; unproved Whether it has maior consequence on results ; value of post-transplantation RTX uncertain ; talker recommends handling rate 3 FL per protocols for DLBCL Questions and replies: consequence of length of i ¬?rst remittal on recommendations for ASCT – in other diseases ( e. You read "Follicular And Mantle Cell Lymphomas Health And Social Care Essay" in category "Essay examples" We will write a custom essay sample on Follicular And Mantle Cell Lymphomas Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now g, Hodgkin lymphoma ) , patients do less good with brief initial remittal and ASCT, but likely better than with alternate likely better than with alternate therapies ; if patient immature and healthy, talker would still offer ASCT ; talker would discourse ASCT with immature healthy patients who have had really long or really brief remittals ; PET as tool to place faineant class 3 FL — unknown if patients with low SUVmaX should hold different intervention ; differences in diagnosing of class 3 FL add complexness to determination for intervention ; upfront allotransplantantation for FL — -best intervention to eliminate FL ; limited by 20 % to 30 % freshman mortality ( mortality decreases with age of patient ) Minimal Residual Disease in Follicular and Mantle Cell Lymphoma: -Foundation: CHRISTINE POTT, MD. absence of residuary lymphoma mass on imagination and bone marrow biopsy ( low sensitiveness ) referred to as clinical remittal ; analysis of minimum residuary disease ( MRD ) below clinical remittal reveals different dynamicss of lymphoma ( may specify those who will get worse, and those with remedy or who will get worse, and those with remedy or long-run remittal ) ; MRD techniques — extremely sensitive and loosely applicable ; may assist clinicians understand disease dynamicss on molecular degree ; allow polish of clinical presenting Benefits of MRD analysis: provides possible alternate parametric quantity for clinical response ; integrates biologic Features of tumour ; rei ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ects pharmacogenetic traits and dose strength achieved in single patients ; identifies prognostic subgroups in B cell lymphoma ; independent predictive factor ; of import tool for indivtdualizing intervention Assessment of MRD ) : cytogenetics and fluorescent unmoved hybridisation ( FISH ) non sufficiently sensitive ( more utile for initial diagnosing and appraisal of malignant lymphoma ) ; flow cytometry and PCR chief methods ; i ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ow cytometry — loosely applicable, fast, and provides quantitative consequences ; nevertheless, malignant lymphoma has partly unstable markers ( non reproducible in many patients ) ; in FL, sensitivenesss vary harmo nizing to benign hematogones ; consensus PCR — easy, rapid to perform.inexpensive, and stable, but non quantitative ; has low sensitiveness ; immunogen-based allele-specii ¬?c PCR — most advanced method ; sensitive, with- most advanced method ; sensitive, with quantitative consequences ; specific and extremely consistent ; nevertheless, labour-intensive and expenslve.PCR markers: irnntunoflobttlin cistrons — -heavy concatenation ( IgH ) an visible radiation concatenation ( IgK ) ; applicable in B cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma, chronic lymphocytic leukaemia, and acute leukaemia ; T cell receptor cistrons — – potentially available for T non-Hodgkin lymphomas and acute lymphoblastic leukaemia ; chromosomal translocations — T ( 1/14 ; 18 ) for FL ; T ( 11 ; 14 ) fer mantle cell lymphoma ( MCL ) ; translocations serve as marks in # 80 % of B cell lymphomas, in 60 % to 70 % of FL, and 30 % to 40 % af MCL ; these techniques quantify MRD in # 80 % of patients ; imrnunoglobulin heavy-chain venue – mast loosely applicable marker, rearrangement of V, D, and ] H parts in normal development of B cells ; sequence in this junctional part Acts of the Apostless as ‘DNA ‘ i ¬?ngerprint of cell ( identifiable by consensus PCR ) ; monoclonal rearrangement in lymphoma identified by gene-scan form with monoclonal extremum ; sequencing of monoclonal rearrangement allows allele-specific primer design to aim single patient ‘s sequence ; translocation marks — – T ( 14,18 ) breaktpoints in marks — T ( 14,18 ) breakpoints in different locations in cistron ; can measure # 70 % of patients with major breakpoint part ; assay developed by Biomed 2 Group usage to measure other countries ; translocations act as molecular markers ( eg, t [ 11 ; 14 ] ) Prognostic relevancy of MRD: shown in early surveies ; betterment in curative options led to increase in surveies look intoing MRD as alternate parametric quantity for forecast ; FL surveies — showed accomplishment of molecular remittal associated with improved forecast, irrespective of whether patients received ASCT, CTX, or rituximab Floridas: Lopez-Guillermo survey — – showed accomplishment of molecular remittal possible with standard-dose CTX without antibodies ; failure-free endurance significantly better in patients who achieve both clinical and molecular remittal ; Italian survey — -PCR negativeness associated with improved forecast in patients treated with CHOP entirely or R-CHOP ; Gribben survey — updated consequences show patients with sustained MRD negativeness ( by PCR ) after ASCT have continued long-run endurance ; recent Italian survey ( .2008 ) — – PCR negativeness most of import predictive factor both in patients treated with R- factor both in patients treated with R-CHOP and those who received RTX plus high-dose consecutive CTX ; outcomes improved with molecular remittal MCL: fewer surveies available ; several surveies conclude MRD has no predictive consequence in MCL ; relevancy seen after debut of RTX and ASCT ; monocentric survey — – patients consecutive monitored for MRD after R-CHOP, root cell mobilisation with dexaBEAM ( dexatnethasone_ carmustine [ BCNU ] , etoposide, cytarabine [ Ara-C ] and Alkeran ) before ASCT ; MRD ) negativeness associated with longer PFS ( 92 minute, vs 24 minute in MRD~positive patients ) and OS ; European web tests – MRD analysis done in patients under and gt ; 65 year of age after initiation with immuno-CTX ; patients accomplishing clinical and molecular remittal have significantly longer continuance of response, irrespective of whether MRD achieved in blood or hone marrow ; molecular response after initiation superior predictive factor, compared to Mantle Cell International Prognostic Index ( MIPI ) mark and accomplishment of clinical response.Summary: PCR identifies low- and poor-risk groups in FL and MCL ; PCR holds true in multivariate analysis and is true in multivariate analysis and is independent of pretherapeutic hazard factors ; MRD negativeness achievable without ASCT Timing of MRD appraisal in FL: available surveies show relevant clip points for obtaining predictive informations ; German Lymphoma Study Group test – rating at diagnosing allowed presentation of association between low degree of go arounding lymphoma cells and molecular response ; MRRD dynamicss during initiation ( after 4 intervention rhythms ) showed that patients with rapid decrease of go arounding lymphoma cells have high chance of clinical remittal, compared to patients with slow response ; PFS with molecular remittal significantly greater than that with clinical remittal entirely ; postremission clip point of import if MRD used as foster parametric quantity ; multivariate analysis shows MRD ) better predictive factor than RTX treatnient, ASCT, or pretherapeiitic FL International Prognostic index ( FLIPI ) hazard factors ; extra informations analysis showed MRD position helps to define patients with different forecasts independent of clinical remittal position ; sustained MRD position — — forecast significantly better in patients with sustained molecular patients witch sustained molecular response in first twelvemonth after ASCT or intervention with interferon, compared to patients who developed MRD positiveness within first twelvemonth after ASCT or during care therapy.Timing of MRD appraisal in MCL: predictive relevancy shown after initiation and in postremission period ; increasing MRD ) degrees predict backsliding ; aged patients who stay in molecular remittal on care intervention have significantly longer continuance of response.Who should have MRD ) intervention: no current application of MRD ) to patients non enrolled in clinical tests Decisions: accomplishment of molecular remittal appropriate curative end for new clinical tests and interventions ; MRD appears executable for steering intervention, cut downing costs, and diminishing side effects ; identifies patient subgroups with durable remittals ; MRD allows individua lized hazard appraisal and intervention Future functions of MRD: rating of new intervention theoretical accounts and substances: designation of non respondents _for possible early intervention intensification ; way of care intervention ; usage in pre-emptive therapies ; orienting intervention to single hazard proi ¬?les. Mentions: 1. Auto organ transplant for patients with Follicular Lymohoma in the epoch of rituximab: -JAMES O.ARMITAGE, MD. 2. Minimal Residual Disease in Follicular and Mantle Cell Lymphoma: -Foundation: CHRISTIANE POTT, MD. Auto organ transplant for patients with Follicular Lymohoma in the epoch of rituximab: -JAMES O.ARMITAGE MD: 2ND Subject RENAL ISSUES Abstraction The ends of this plan are to better the surgical and medical direction of locally advanced nephritic cell carcinoma and to avoid complications during public presentation of transdermal nephrolithotomy ( PNL ) . After hearing and absorbing this plan, the clinician will be better able to: 1. Surgically pull off locally atlvancetl nephritic cell malignant neoplastic disease by separating between the demand for extremist V partial nephrectomy and acknowledging the indicants for lymphadenectomy. 2. Choose the most apprepriate drugs, based 0n their meachanisms of action, for the medical intervention of nephritic malignant neoplastic disease. 3. Sumarize the current position of neoadjuvant and accessory intervention ef nephritic malignant neoplastic disease. 4. Better his or her surgical technique for PNL. 5. Acknowledge the possible complications of PNL and their intervention, including hemorrhage, hurts to next variety meats, hypotension, infection, and delayed bleeding. Surgical direction of locally advanced nephritic cell carcinoma: – STEVEN C. CAMPBELL, MD, PhD: Background: 10 % to 20 % of all kidney malignant neoplastic disease ; strong informations run uping combination of surgery and systemic intervention best ; systemic intervention both neo adjuvant and adjuvant ; dei ¬?nition of locally advanced — kidney malignant neoplastic disease widening into adrenal secretory organs, venous system, regional nodes, or next variety meats ; T3a, T3b, T3c, T4, or node positive but MO ; divergent pathology — – lymphoma { see biopsy ) ; adrenocortical malignant neoplastic disease ( endocrinologist rating ) ; sarcoma ; transitional cell Carcinoma ( cystoscopy ) Preoperative steps: complete bowl readying because hemi colectomy may be required ; obtain consent for splenectomy, distal pancreaticlotomy, and partial hepatectomy ; in instance these processs necessary to obtain negative borders ; little per centum require preoperative embolization to minimise blood loss ; co-ordinate with vascular, Cardiovascular, and hepatic sawboness. Surgery: venous engagement — for degree 1 thrombi, topographic point Stansky clinch ; level 2 thrombi require consecutive clamping inferior vein cava ( lVC ) below, contralatera nephritic vena, and IVC above ; for degree 3, mobilise liver to obtain entree to retrohepatic IVC and clamp above and below tumour ; exposure — critically of import ; chevron scratch most common ; little per centum need thoracoabdominal incisien ; as necessary to let for en block deletion ( cardinal ) Lymphadenectomy: lymph node dissection controversial ; for lymphadenectomy, usage same templet as for testicle malignant neoplastic disease ; European organisation fo research and intervention of malignant neoplastic disease ( EORTC ) survey — showed no difference in complications or endurance between extremist nephrectomy with lymphadenectomy and extremist nephrectomy without lymph node dissection ; study criticized because extent 0f lymph node dissection non good defined and analyze groups may hold had low hazard for lymph node engagement ( ascertainment prejudice ) ; Mayo clinic survey — gt ; 1600 patients ; showed 5 parametric quantities prognostic of increased likeliness of lymph node engagement, 1 ) atomic class 3 or 4, 2 ) sarcomatoid constituent, 3 ) really big 4 ) locally advanced tumour phase, and 5 ] tumour mortification ; seek to find ; parametric quantities preoperatively ( when possible ‘ ) , perform intraoperative frozen subdivision of lymph node, so make up one’s mind if lymph node dissection needed ; talker ‘s attack — normally performs lymph node, dissection on younger patients but non on ; older frail patients ; forecast for node-positive malignant neoplastic disease — hapless ; 0 % to 20 % 5-yr endurance ; bulky lymph nodes may be worse prognostically than metastatic: disease ; patients with stray venous engagement have 40 % to 50 % remedy rates ; most T3a patients do good, but at higher hazard than patients with organ-confined disease ; other predictive considerations – histology ; border position ; tumour class ; algorithms availalale for anticipation of result. Medical Management of Locally advanced Renal Cell Carcinoma: -BRIAN I.RINI, MD.Mechanism of action of drugs for nephritic malignant neoplastic disease: mammalian mark of rapamycin ( mTOR ) inhibitors — these involve tract that regulates cell proliferation and metamorphosis in response to enviromental factors, associating cell growing factor receptor signaling via phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase ( Pl-3K ) to cell growing, proliferation, and an-giogenesis ; these drugs have non been studied as neoadjuvants or adjuvants ; vascular endothelial growing factor ( VEGF ) inhibitors -more relevant curative tract ; VEGF is cardinal regulator of physiologic angiogenesis ; more drugs available against VEGF, and they by and large have greater consequence ; bulk of nephritic cell carcinomas characterized laic mutant of V0n Hippel-Lindau ( VHL ) tumour suppresser cistron, ensuing it accretion of hypoxia-inducing factor ( HIF ) ; HIF is critical written text factor that leads to activation of m any mark genes.including VEGF ; VEGF is go arounding protein that binds to endotheliel cells and leads to permeableness, migration, and proliferation of tumour blood vas cells ; inhibitors of VEGF tract include little molecules that inhibitVEGF receptor and agents such as bevacizumab, sunitinib, and sorafenib. Neoadjuvant surveies: retrospective experience — 17 patients with kidney malignant neoplastic disease with primary tumour in topographic point ; intervention with sunitinib produced 30 % average volume decrease in tumour size ; growing curves show most decrease occurs in first 2 to 4 rhythms of intervention, so i ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡at period, so growing sketchs. Prospective test: patients with biopsy-proven kidney malignant neoplastic disease and unresectable priamary tumours ; treated with suntinib for 4 wk on drug and 2 wk off ; worsened clinically while off drug for 2 wk ; hence. intervention changed to uninterrupted dosing ; histology preponderantly clear cell carcinoma but non entirely, and most had metastatic disease ; about tierce of patients converted to resectable position ; gt ; 70 % had somee tumour shrinking ; shrinking averaged 19 % ( # 1.5 % centimeter ) ; greatest consequence on clear cell carcinoma. Goal of neoadjuvant therapy: to bring forth cytoreduction of tumour ; avoiding high morbidity of extremist nephrectomy and leting intervention with partial nephrectomy. Safety: neoadjuvant therapy does non adversely affect surgical result ; in MD Andersen survey of # 6O patients who received targeted therapy ( largely bevacizumab ) so underwent cytoreductive neph1’ectonty, damage of superficial wotind mending 20 times more common in those who received targeted therapy than in matched controls ; so far ( gt ; 100 patients ) , no big safety signals, eg, hemorrhage, coagulating. Accessory therapy: United States test of 1900 patients presently in advancement ; postnephrectomy patients randomized to 1 year of sunitinib, sorafenib, or placebo ; efficaciousness informations still several old ages off. Drumhead: -aggressive surgical direction basis of intervention for locally advanced kidney malignant neoplastic disease ; neoadjuvant VEGF-targeted intervention may take to enhanced feasibleness of resection in same patients ; stillinvestigational: no effectual adjuvant intervention for kidney malignant neoplastic disease at present.How to Avoid Cemplications While executing Transdermal Nephrolithotomy: — -MARSHALL L.STOLLER, MD. Background: key to success in transdermal nephrolithotomy ( PNL ) is for endourologist to derive appropriate entree ; make non trust on radiotherapist to execute ; appropriate landmarks are 2 i ¬?ngerbreadths sidelong from paraspinous.muscle and 2 finger’s breadths below 12th rib ; 9 in 10 times puncture site in Petit ‘s trigon ; place patient prone with thorax blosters and articulatio genuss flexed ; utilize general. anaesthesia in instance of demand to entree airway ; extradural does non work { excessively hard to change over to general anaesthesia if desperately necessary ) ; radiologists puncture straight up and down, aiming nephritic pelvic girdle, but this does non enable urologist to make transdermal prcedure ; urine return dues non vouch entree to allow calyx. Nephrostomy tube entree: usage echography to assist direct needle ; purpose pelt posteriur calyx ; Technique for lower pole puncture: follow landmarks described above, , purpose for midaxillary line, progress acerate leaf, and draw C- arm toward you ; if needle below intended mark on x-ray, needle non steep plenty ; if needle above intended mark, travel deeper Technique for upper pole puncture: travel C- arm off from you ( indicates deepness and how far to progress acerate leaf ) coni ¬?rming entry: return of piss ; injection of retrograde methylene blue ; transition of i ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡oppy tip guidewire ( if needle in anterior calyx, K- wire does non progress beyond calyx into nephritic pelvic girdle ) ; ultrasonographic verification: injection of dilute contrast. Avoiding shed blooding complications: occur as consequence of progressing sheath excessively far ; distend piece of land merely to roll uping system ; go forth sheath somewhat outside roll uping system ; progressing excessively far cracks infundibulum. Other complications: pulsatile bloody outflow, rapid venous drainage into vena cava, fecal matters, air, gall ; inconsequential if recognized before dilation ; merely draw needle out and make another puncture ; make non necessitate to halt instance. Localization: text editions recommend taking for most inferior calyx ; survey of computed imaging ( CT ) from 100 patients showed 42 patients had 2 lower pole calyces and 59 had 3 lower pole calyces ; most median calyx will be anterior 93 % to 95 % of clip ; lower pole entree should be directed to most sidelong calyx ; if entree into posterior calyx non achieved, successful PNL non probably, because angle of anterior confronting calyx excessively short. Dilation: do non come in roll uping system, but attack every bit near as possible to roll uping systern ; rock should non be seeable on initial entry ( should he gt ; 0.25 centimeter beyond ) ; guidewires – guarantee length adequate ; denominate working wires and safety wires: hydrophilic guidewires go in easy but besides fall out easy ; J gt ; tipped guidewires do non punch roll uping system ; safety – urologist should have on lead spectacless to protect eyesfrom radiation and from sprinkling. Tips on technique: puncture easier in patients with history of PNL because kidney fixed ; in PNL-naive patients, kidney moves off from progressing tip { disconnected gesture required ) ; talker uses 18-gauge acerate leafs ( non 25~gauge ) ; uses really small fluoroscopy ; every bit long as wire moves back and Forth, exchange catheter can be advanced ; to minimise radiation, i ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡uoroscopy used merely when near roll uping? system ; catheter can be made less stiff by dunking it into microwaved saline or madestiffer by dunking it into ice slush. Amplatz system jobs: misidentify to progress Amplats sheath beyond cone ( likely to do hemorrhage ) ; go forth sheath outside roll uping system ( it will work its manner in during lithotripsy ) ; ldnked Dotter catheter ; fascial dilator unmatched with sheath ; inadequately advanced fascial sheath ; buried sheath in corpulent patients ( place sutura on terminal of sheath to ease retrieval ) ; balloon — – used merely in United provinces ( pneumatic lithoclast used in other states less expensive guarantee equal skin scratch ; as ballon dilates radially, it shortens lorigitudinally Complicating hurts: -bowel — set up separate drainage ( intestine separated from urinary system ) ; dual J and Foley catheters placed ; skin scratch enlarged and penrose drain placed ; patient placed on ternary antibiotics and low-roughage diet ; alert waiting ; bulk of hurts digressive ( non through-and-through ) , so colostomy non necessary ; postprocedural hemorrhagic — find whether due to hemorrhagic or infected daze ; temperature unreliiable ; organic structure temperature should be gt ; 3S % ; temperature of 36A ° to 37A °C indicates possible sepsis ; infective complications — -appropriate antibiotic ; fulminant disease may be related to high endotoxin concentrations: low- force per unit area irrigation system ; hypothermia may confound diagnosing of urosepsis ; ticker for peripheral vasoconstriction bespeaking haemorrhagic daze V peripheral vasodilation bespeaking infected daze ; hurts to next variety meats — lung ( look into post procedural ch est X- beam ) ; incidence of pleural hurts # 12 % ( increases with supracostal puncture ) ; expression for pnettiuothorait or hydrothoralsi ( look for clear cost phrenic Angier on chest X ray ; intervention individualized ; see chest tubing ) ; liver † or spleen hurts ; vascular hurts ; delayed bleeding — in talker ‘s pattern, occurs in 1A °/o of instances ; disconnected brisk shed blooding due to pseudo aneurism ; occurs 6 wk after process ; dainty by ace selective angioembolizatien ( microcoils ) ; hazards include arterial dissection, nontarget embolization, and contrast-induced kidney disease ; highest hazard in diabetics Drain: nephrostomy tubes Council-tip: easy to rewire Endopyelotomy tubing: 14 Gallic to 8 Gallic ; can be hard to put Circle nephrostomy tubing: 2 entree piece of lands ; good for drawn-out drainage ; less likely to be dislodged.Foley balloon catheter: cut tip off ( like Councill catheter ) Pull-string: Cope-like tubings ; turn and draw out at same clip to avoid laceration of infundibulum. Malecot tubing: entrapment can happen in little nephritic pelvic girdle due to strong collagen span that forms through i ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡anges of tubing ; tissue must be cut in order to retreat entrapped tubing. Tract closing: tubeless — talker sees no advantage ; with or without dual J catheter ; styptic: agents and i ¬?brin sealers ( eg, FloSeal, Tisseel ) ; may restrict tract bleeding ; preplace occlusion balloon in roll uping system ; cauterant may diminish hemorrhage ; skin closing — better decorative consequence without Skin closing ; nephrostomy tubing — with or without skin suturas ; easy dislodged ; when tubing removed, do certain sutura comes with it ; place more than one nephrostomy tubing if necessary. How to cite Follicular And Mantle Cell Lymphomas Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples

Human Resources For Global Markets †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Human Resources For Global Markets. Answer: Sourcing Human Resources for global Markets- Staffing, Recruitment and Selection One of the most important tasks of the Human Resource Management (HRM) of any company is the staffing, that is, recruitment and selection. Employees are the key elements of any organization. It is very crucial to have qualified and specialized workers to run the organization successfully. Hence, the HRM is responsible for the staffing in a company and maintaining its quality (Small et al. 2017). The staffing attitude of the international organizations generally follows four different approaches. Those are: Ethnocentric: where Parent Country Nationals (PCN) are favoured to hold the key positions and make strategic decisions. Polycentric: Host Country Nationals (HCN) are responsible to manage the subsidiaries but not often transferred to headquarter positions. Geocentric: It is the most global staffing approach, where ability is favoured over nationality of the employees. For international HRM, geocentric approach is most suitable as the nationality of qualified candidates does not create any barrier for recruitment and selection. Regiocentric: It is the region based approach where ability is preferred but in a given area or region. The qualified employees can move within a designated region (Ployhart and Weekley 2014). Various factors influence the staffing, recruitment and selection process, such as the company structure, international experiences, organizational culture, corporate governance and ethics, extent of international business, contextual factors, such as, type of industry, cultural differences in different regions or countries, other local units, such as, whether the business is a greenfield project, joint ventures, merger or acquisition, or subsidiaries etc. (Ekwoaba, Ikeije and Ufoma 2015). The structure of HRM also plays a major role in the staffing process. Whether the HRM is structured or ad hoc, whether it arranges training and development programs, compensation and incentive structure of the company, and mostly a proper and fair selection process of the HRM influences the employment decision and management of the employees. International assignments are of four types, such as, short term consisting of 3 months; extended, which is up to 1 year, long term that varies from 1 to 5 years, and consists of traditional expatriate projects and lastly, non-standard or emerging projects. These non standard projects include rotational projects, commuters or frequent fliers projects, contractual, and virtual projects. The primary objectives of such international projects are: filling the positional gaps, such as, skill gaps, launching of the new projects and transfer of technologies; managing the development process of the employees through the arrangement of trainings and developmental programs for the employees and helping to build up a corporate values; and developing the organization with control, transferring of knowledge, competencies, practices and procedures (Bjrkman and Welch 2015). In international HRM, the role of expatriates is very important. In the international businesses, an expatriate is the person, who stays in another country to work in that foreign organization. Hence, he is the agent, working for direct control, socialization, building a network or relationships, and for transferring of knowledge. The HRM must be careful while recruiting and selecting an expatriate as that involves various legal and political matters and work permit issues, which, if violated could bring about many legal and ethical issues about business operations. The recruitment of non expatriates and inpatriates are also a crucial task of the HRM. This determines the quality of workforce and quality of production of the organization (Ployhart and Weekley 2014). When the international businesses expand in many countries, the HRM selects some people as inpatriates and expatriates. At the same time, when an international company recruits, it chooses to do more internal recruits than external, as the recruitment of citizens of home or host country reduces risk and secures the capital investments on human resources. It helps in creating global competencies and cultural diversity with strategic performances, and provides career opportunities if the home countries as well as in host countries. The international businesses sometimes send expatriates to emerging locations and that throws up challenges in the form of cultural and quality of life adjustments (Brewster and Hegewisch 2017). The selection decision of the expatriates depends on several factors, such as, technical capability, family requirements, cross-cultural suitability, language proficiency, country and cultural requirements, and finally the MNE requirements. The effectiveness of international projects is also dependent on several elements. It requires an open environment, supportive practices for the new ideas and combinations, flexibility of the expatriates to move freely between different locations of home and host countries, and his knowledge and skills in contributing to the organizations success (Kang and Shen 2013). Hence, the role of HRM in the staffing, recruiting and selecting employees for an international organization is very crucial as it determines the organizational culture of any company and maintaining a good employee relationship that culminates into the production of the company. References Bjrkman, I. and Welch, D., 2015. Framing the field of international human resource management research.The International Journal of Human Resource Management,26(2), pp.136-150. Brewster, C. and Hegewisch, A. eds., 2017.Policy and Practice in European Human Resource Management: The Price Waterhouse Cranfield Survey. Taylor Francis. Ekwoaba, J.O., Ikeije, U.U. and Ufoma, N., 2015. The impact of recruitment and selection criteria on organizational performance.Global Journal of Human Resource Management,3(2), pp.22-23. Kang, H. and Shen, J., 2013. International recruitment and selection practices of South Korean multinationals in China.The International Journal of Human Resource Management,24(17), pp.3325-3342. Ployhart, R.E. and Weekley, J.A., 2014. Recruitment and selection in global organizations.The Routledge companion to international human resource management, pp.155-171. Small, E.E., Doll, J.L., Bergman, S.M. and Heggestad, E.D., 2017. Brown Smith Communication Solutions: A Staffing System Simulation.Management Teaching Review, p.2379298117716673.

Me and You free essay sample

Speech Laboratory can be an excellent means to give young people practice in public speaking, listening, and note-taking, as well as a host of other skills. It maximized the students ability to communicate effectively. Through various trainings and activities, members of this club will improve in all aspects especially in social, intellectual, and emotional part. The Speech Lab is open for all interested students of Icily In all year levels.This facility will help our students to develop their communication skill through various exercises. It alms to develop young Individuals to become effective immunization that can compete from various schools and places that will totally deepen their sportsmanship and Marina values. PURPOSE The Speech Lab Aims to: 1 . Develop communication skill, 2. Deepen their talents and values through exercises/actively, 3. Promote camaraderie, and 4. Produce good and competitive communicators.Speech Communication Laboratory The newly established Speech Communication Lab in the school is taking this established expertise and supplementing it through the use of other modalities in the investigation of group behavior analysis, social interaction, engagement between beakers and prosodic and gestures accommodation. We will write a custom essay sample on Me and You or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The lab is a state-of-the-art environment, optimally designed for the multimode capture of conversational social interaction.Using High Definition video cameras, microphones, Microsoft Kinetic devices and biometric sensors, the various nuances and complexities of an interaction can be captured for subsequent analysis. ETC will contribute the expertise in the area of speech synthesis and social interaction, as well as providing an ideal environment within which to robustly test the tools developed for multimode input recognition, multimode fusion, fission and output.

The Business Proposal Global Hotel Tourism Essays

The Business Proposal Global Hotel Tourism Essays The Business Proposal Global Hotel Tourism Essay The Business Proposal Global Hotel Tourism Essay This concern undertaking recommends the building of a Swimming Pool for Global Hotel plc Lagos, Nigeria. This swimming pool when built will assist the company to non merely bring forth an one-year gross N3,480,000 but will assist the administration to retain its present clients and besides increase the Numberss of suites booked from 20 to about 30 suites per twenty-four hours. The addition in suites is expected to increase on a monthly footing over the following old ages Apart from the benefits of extra income, addition in client s backing and the rise in suites booked, the building of this swimming pool will besides assist to heighten the hotels evaluation from a 4- Star to a 5-Star hotel which could be used as a footing for increased criterions and monetary value to clients. The mark clients of this concern venture are both the present and the possible clients of the hotel. They are normally the middle-class people in and around Lagos State. The undertaking is estimated to be N2, 000,000 and will be constructed in two months. On the other manus, this undertaking could bring forth a net income of N1, 480,000 in one twelvemonth. Since the concern assessment method used by the company is the Payback Period ( PBP ) , it will take the company 1 twelvemonth to reimburse its initial investing capital. Alternate concern chance The concern proposal considers the building of assorted forms and sizes of the Swimming Pool and its associated cost and benefit. The forms are Square-shaped N2, 800,000, Egg-shaped ( N2, 000,000 ) , Circular-shaped ( N3, 000,000 ) and the Rectangular-shaped ( N1, 800,000 ) . After a proper consideration, The Egg-shaped pool is proposed because it is more stylish and will set the company in a competitory border over its challengers. This is because all its rivals have either the square or rectangular-shaped pool which is no longer stylish. 1.2. LITERATURE REVIEW Harmonizing to the World Tourism Organisation ( WTO ) , Tourism is one of the top five export classs for every bit many as 83 per cent of states and is the chief beginning of foreign exchange net incomes for at least 38 per cent of states. Tax grosss from touristry are both direct and indirect. Direct revenue enhancement grosss are generated from the incomes earned by concerns and workers. Indirect revenue enhancements are responsibilities levied on goods and services purchased by tourers. The World Travel and Tourism Council estimates that revenue enhancement parts related to tourism global were over $ 800 billion in 2007. Tourism is a monopolistically competitory industry. It has many comparatively little endeavors bring forthing somewhat differentiated merchandises and services. Barriers to entry and issue are comparatively low. Harmonizing to Prof. Ajaola ( 2008, P.6 ) , the hotel and touristry industry in Nigeria still remained comparatively untapped . This means that there is a immense market in this industry. The hotel industry provides enormous chance for comparatively little concerns to boom and is a taking generator of occupations. The hotel adjustment sector entirely provided around 18.3 million occupations world-wide in 2005, harmonizing to the United Nations Environmental Programme ( UNEP ) . In an progressively competitory industry it is indispensable to bring forth new and advanced thoughts to distinguish a merchandise from others of the same nature ( Taylor, 2009 ) . Hotels can remain or leap in front of their rivals, without needfully incurring great disbursal, but by taking originative advantage of every chance and if Global hotels most win it must be at the head of invention. The building of this swimming pool is necessitated by the demand by the company to remain in front of invention and to make value service and experience to their legion clients from all plants of life. 1.3. Market ANAYSIS Lagos is Nigeria s most thickly settled province with stopping point to 18 million people ( National Population Commission, Nigeria ( 2009, P.12 ) . As a major transit hub with an international and local airdrome, Lagos is unambiguously placed to profit from tourer reachings into Nigeria. The presence of sea ports and major international route gateways of course place Lagos at an advantage for being the first point of call for approximately 68 % reachings into Nigeria ( the functionary web site of the Lagos State Government, Nigeria ) . Although Lagos province is the smallest province in Nigeria, with an country of 356,861 hectares of which 75,755 hectares are wetlands, yet it has the highest population, which is over five per cent of the national estimation ( Tradeinvestnigeria, 2007: P.2 ) . A The province has a population of 17 million out of a national estimation of 150 million. The UN estimates that at its present growing rate, Lagos province will be 3rd largest mega metropolis in the universe by Y2015 after Tokyo in Japan and Bombay in India. A Of this population, Metropolitan Lagos, an country covering 37 % of the land country of Lagos State is place to over 85 % of the State population. ( Lagos State Population Commission ) A The rate of population growing is about 600,000 per annum with a population denseness of about 4,193 individuals per sq. kilometer. In the built-up countries of Metropolitan Lagos, the mean denseness is over 20,000 individuals per square kilometer. Current demographic tendency analysis revealed that the State population growing rate of 8 % has resulted in its capturing of 36.8 % of Nigeria s urban population. World Bank, 1996 ) estimation at 49.8 million people of the state s over 140 million population. The deduction is that whereas state population growing is 4/5 % and planetary 2 % , Lagos population is turning 10 times faster than New York and Los Angeles with sedate deduction for urban sustainability.A A The gross estimation from the hotel industry by the Lagos State Government rose from about 78m Naira in 2007 to 150m Naira in 2010 ( Adetola, 2010 ) . The population backed by the inflow of people from all over the universe to this great metropolis means that there is a immense market in this industry. Besides, with the cheery nature of the metropolis and the tourer Centre like National Art Theatre Iganmu, Lagos Central Mosque, Slave Port Badagry, Glover Memorial Hall, First Storey Building in Nigeria, Slave Jetty Badagry, Early Missionary Cemetary, Canon Gun, Instrument of Slave Abolition A ; War, Slave Market Badagry, Christ Cathedral CMS, Tafawa Balewa Square ( Alade, Places to see in Lagos, 2010, p.13 ) , the building of this Pool will be a feasible and profitable thought. 1.4. Undertaking BENEFIT This undertaking when approved and executed will convey the undermentioned benefits to the company. 1. This undertaking will assist to hike the company s image among its clients and rivals and will decidedly take to increased gross revenues and net income. 2. This undertaking will assist the company to use the room s capacity from 20rooms to 40rooms which is about a 100 per centum addition 3. It will bring forth income from both the swimming pool and besides from the backing that it will pull to the suites. 4. It will besides cut down the cost of operation of the hotel as the fixed cost will be spread across to the swimming pool. Fixed cost like the cost of running the works and others. 5. It will guarantee that staffs are to the full utilised because the swimming pool will cut down the sum of idle clip. This once more can be seen from the fact that the workers like the room cleaners, laundry staffs and hotel attenders frequently stay idle after go toing to a limited figure of clients. This venture will therefore guarantee that the hotels workers are to the full engaged. 2.1. Undertaking RESOURCES Undertaking cost The undertaking s cost is as follows COST ITEM COST ( N ) Construction cost- 1, 300,000 Maintenance- 210, 000 ( 17,500/month ) Wages 432, 000 ( 3 workers/144,000 per one-year ) Gross saless advert 30,000 ( 3 Calendar months ) Other cost 28,000 Entire 2,000,000 Depreciation- 12 % per one-year Undertaking gross Gross point Revenue ( N ) Swiming Pool 1,620,000 ( 135000/month ) @ 15 customers/day Drinks: Liquors 288,000 ( 300 bottle/month @ ( N ) 80 ) Mineral 72,000 ( 150 bottles/month @ ( N ) 40 ) Suites 1,500,000 ( 600 customers/month @ 5000 ) Entire Revenue 3,480,000 Estimated net income = N1, 480,000 Fiscal analysis Since the company uses the Payback Period in measuring its undertakings, below is an analysis of the viability of this undertaking. It is expected that gross will increase yearly by 50 % . Year Revenue ( N ( 1000000s ) Cost N ( 1000000s ) PBP 1 3,480 2,000 1 year 2 5,220 2,400 3 7,830 2,880 Beginning of finance and other resources Finance Harmonizing to Brigham ( 2005 ) , Finance is the lifeblood and nervus Centre of a concern, merely as circulation of blood is indispensable in the human organic structure for keeping life ; finance is a really indispensable to smooth running of the concern. It has been justly termed as cosmopolitan lubricator that keeps the endeavor moral force. No concern, whether large, medium or little can be started without an equal sum of finance. Although there are different beginnings of finance available to the company e.g. bank loan, net income, divestment, creditors etc, this undertaking will be financed with the companies retained net incomes and will assist cut down the load of holding to pay involvement if the company decides to finance the undertaking with bank loan of approximately 20 % one-year involvement or other beginnings that have strings attached to them. Forces A good figure of concerns fail non because of deficiency of fundss but because they fail to prosecute the right workers ( Walker, 1980 ) . The success or failure of any administration is mostly determined by the quality of its work force. The direct and indirect cost of bad enlisting is serious. A individual placed in an unsuitable work is an unsuitable work is either unable to make the needed criterion of public presentation or is working under psychological strain. The building of the pool will intend that three ( 3 ) extra staffs will be engaged by Global Hotels and because there are limited Numberss of staffs in the company to enroll from internally, the workers will be recruited externally. The vacancies will be posted on the company s web site and other occupation sites which are normally free and will give the same consequence as paid advert. After the advert has be made and the right applier has been chosen, the other facet will be to prosecute the workers but they can non be engaged if they are non adequately trained. Training demands will be identified and the hotel director will guarantee that the right preparation plan is designed for the new workers to be trained. Although there are different developing techniques like talks, coaching, instance survey method simulation etc, the company will utilize the initiation as a agency of developing the chosen workers because they do non necessitate a specialized preparation that will affect much of the company s resources. Construction Company The company that will be selected will be able to run into the company s specification and deadline because incorrect design and the extension of the deadline will non intend good to the company. 2.2. Selling Scheme A selling scheme is a program that is developed with the end to market a specific thought or merchandise to certain people Kotler, ( 1980 ) . You have to make a great selling scheme in order to be successful with your thought or merchandises. Harmonizing to Porter, ( 1998 ) , there are three generic schemes available to a company-focus, cost leading and a discriminator and because the hotel industry is a monopolist competitory industry and there is a low entry and issue barriers, the propose scheme to Global Hotels will be the merchandise distinction scheme. The ground is that to win a big sum of clients in such an industry, a company will necessitate to merchandise different but similar merchandises and services to derive a immense market. The ground for taking the elliptic swimming pool is to pull client who normally are really witting of new and modern merchandises. Since the best form of the merchandise has been identified and the discriminator in usage, the following measure will be to make consciousness to the clients of the company s advanced merchandise. Although there are different options available for the company to make its possible clients, the best pick will be to utilize the telecasting medium. The ground for this pick is because of the fact that the mark clients are concern and extremely placed persons in the society who loves listening to the intelligence. The paid advertizement will be done at 7am and autopsy for three months. 2.3. Undertaking ASSUMPTIONS It is assumed that the addition in the Lagos State Government s gross projection means that there will be increased activity in the touristry industry for the coming twelvemonth thereby taking to an addition in clients to the company. It is besides assumed that of the mean client of 20 per twenty-four hours, at least 10 will act upon their friends or co-worker to sponsor Global Hotels Ltd every month. 2.4. Undertaking DESCRIPTION This undertaking which is the building of a Swimming Pool will be carried out by either of these companies whose proposals will be considered and one eventually chosen. The Hotel director shall oversee on a day-to-day footing the advancement of the undertaking. The Pool will be manned by one Staff who must be really good at swimming and will be made to remain by the side of the pool to supervise clients and deliverance any client who wants to submerge. Two Pool Attendant staffs will be employed to function clients need at the pool. These Three staffs shall besides be responsible for the general care of the pool. 3.1. Undertaking IMPLIMENTATION Plan Below is a table demoing the undertaking execution program for the building of the swimming pool by Global Hotels. The event day of the months, the event itself every bit good as the event account will be used to explicate the different events. No. Events day of the month Event Event Explanation 1 03-04-10 Construction Proposals The undertaking proposals will be sent to a figure of building companies. The ground for this is to choose from the list of interested companies the company that will be able to transport out the building of the swimming pool in the most cost effectual manner and meets with Global Hotels undertaking specification. Besides, the proposals will be considered based on the company that will finish the undertaking in the specified clip frame which is in two moths 2 30-04-10 Company chosen At this phase, among the list of companies that has shown involvement will be evaluated based on their path record. Then chosen company will be notified and asked to get down work. 3 14-05-10 Initial Project start-up capital provided Immediately after the right company has been chosen, initial mobilization fund of 30 % will be paid to the building company. This is to enable the company start work directly off. 4 28-05-10 Beginning of building After the mobilisation finance has been provided to the company, the following event will be to let the company two hebdomads to mobilise and convey in the necessary equipment and stuffs needed to make the occupation. This would hold been done before this day of the month and the occupation is expected to get down on this day of the month. 5 28-05-10 Undertaking monitoring and control To guarantee that the undertaking meets with the specification and is under agenda, the hotel director will be instructed to transport out a day-to-day supervision/ appraisal of the undertaking s advancement and study to the undertaking applied scientist to do necessary amendments in instance of divergences. 6 28-06-10 Placement of enlisting advert Since the undertaking is expected to complete by 6, June there is demand to get down pulling the right quality of staffs that will be needed to adult male both the swimming pool and to function as service staffs ( servers ) . 7 30-07-10 Appraisal and Concluding payments made-project completion The following phase will be the concluding appraisal of the undertaking after its completion and payments to the building company. This payment will merely be made after the undertaking has been weigh up and fund to hold met the agreed specification and design. 8 02-08-10 Invitation and choice of workers At this phase the right pool of appliers will be invited for interview and the right campaigner selected for the occupation. And since this is a new country of concern to the company, experience custodies will merely be engaged particularly the pool attendant staff who must be a good swimmer and savior. The right campaigner will be notified instantly and asked to get down work the undermentioned hebdomad. 9 09-08-10 Beginning of operation Immediately after the undertaking is completed and the right staffs selected, the following logical thing to make will be to get down operation by the official gap of the swimming pool to the public-customers. 10 09-08-10 Advert arrangement To guarantee that possible clients are cognizant of the company s new merchandise and to pull would-customers advert will instantly fellow and will be done utilizing the television-news hours as the right medium to make the mark market. 11 09-09-10 Undertaking rating The first month after the completion of the undertaking is a good clip to get down measuring the success of the venture. The undertaking will be evaluated to cognize if it has lead to an addition in room demand, client s sentiment on the new merchandise, and the entire profitableness of the undertaking utilizing the expected income as a footing for measuring the undertaking s success. 3.2. Undertaking Monitoring AND EVALUATION OF SUCCESS Although there are assorted techniques for monitoring and commanding a undertakings success, the earned value Analysis will be used to supervise the advancement of this venture from the beginning of the undertaking to the terminal. Besides the gross from the venture will be monitored to measure the undertaking s profitableness whether or non it meets with the company s forecasted net income. The Hotel Manager will besides supervise the cost of care of the pool every bit good the public presentation of the freshly employed workers to guarantee that the profitableness and standard aims are non compromised. Since an addition in cost of care and a lessening from gross will be unacceptable, the director will supervise the cost and guarantee that it does non travel beyond the estimated value. 4.1. Decision

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Analysis Of The CMA CGM Company CMA CGM (2010a) is the worlds third largest container shipping company and is ranked number one in France who offers a complete range of activities including shipping, handling facilities in port as well as logistics on land. Its main objective is to offer customers all over the world a proactive, innovative service which reconciles quality and high performance with protection of the environment. The founder and CEO of CMA CGM Mr. Jacques R Saade is guiding the group from the begining to till date confidently and wish to develop and run in future of container shipping. CMA CGM has always integrated security, safety and environmental concerns in their development strategies and used the latest technology to minimize the pollution. Figure (Diagram) 1. Greenhouse gas emmission by transportation (River Shuttle Containers, 2010) The River shuttle containers (2010) of CMA CGM calculated the benefit of waterways carries for protecting the environment comparing with the land transportation. Enhance to reduce the pollution they introducesd the river shuttle container barge in French teritory and Europe. Figure (Diagram)2. History of CMA CGM developed by author ( CMA CGM, 2010b) CMA CGM is operating by its own brand shipping line CMA CGM and other subsidiaries for integrating the organisation and adding value for customization in container shipping market.CMA CGM worldwide subsidiaries for strengthening group activities in transportation area which are as follows:- Container Shipping Line Delmas. Expert in African region OTAL Africa Line. Maximum coverage in west Africa CNC Line-Specialist for Intra -Asia line ANL- Leader in Oceania Mac Andrews Dedicated in Intra European trade COMANOV. Specialist for Morocco US Lines. Specialist for transpacific and Australasia trade. Multimodal River Shuttle Containers LTI France Progeco CMA Rail Logistics Services 1) CMA CGM Logistics 2) TCX Multimodal Logistics International Tourism Compagnie du ponant Tapis rouge International Partir en cargo The Travellers club The CMA CGMs (CMA CGM, 2009) e-commerce services offer a full range of online business which are comparatively easy, safe and efficient to the customer and planned to eliminate the paper and making the flow of faster information around the clock. They are highly integrated in transport sector of the world by connecting the regional leader in transportation like ANL in Australia. World shipping council (2009) repoted that CMA CGM has become an international operator serving maritime shipping routes around the world with door-to-door services combining maritime shipping with rail, river and highway transport. They expanded their business by a growth strategy and sustained capital spending which is powered by the joint force of jiant shipping leaders from USA ( US Lines ) to Africa ( OTAL line of Africa). The Group has built its success on the strong values of quality, innovation, imagination and anticipation. The CMA CGM (Marinelog, 2009) group inaugurated the French Asia Line or FAL service ( Asia to Europe) in partnership with MAERSK line ( No 1 in container shipping) by their latest vessel CMA CGM CHRISTOPHE COLOMB, one of the worlds largest container ship having 13344 TEU capacity. This vessel is integrated by latest environmental technologies that actively contribute battle against global warming and CO2 emission. In ( The Journal of Commerce ,2010) this global economic downturn, CMA CGM affected and had $5 billion in debts following the worst downturn in container shipping history also a series of steep losses from hedging deals on oil prices. The company (The Financial Times, 2010) is unable to complete the payment for new ships also taking the delivery from shipyards where the Greek ship-owner brought the ordered ship. They are trying to manage the capital from outside of the country because Frances FSI strategic investment fund is normally to invest alongside other, conventional investors. The State-owned fund of Qatar is offereing $ 1 billion for recovering the losses and faces the unwanted situation of the CMA CGM group. Advance Shipping, Environment Minded is the motto of CMA CGM about environment protection in this climate change and frequent change of world weather condition. They are awarded about the environment and know-how its ability to innovate and prepared to protect the environment. They are committed to sustainable development and respect for nature relies on numerous environmental initiatives to minimize the impact of transporting activities and trying to develop alternative transportation modes. PESTLE ANALYSIS The simplest( Rugman and Collinson,2006 ) form of understanding the paticular competitive environment or investment contexts for firms at the national or international level is PEST analysis which examines the political,economical , socio-cultural and technological condotions of a organisation.In addition legal and environmental factors created the full form of PESTLE analysis by which it is easy to assess new investment environment as an input into global expansion and market entry strategies.The enivironment is very important for doing business in this uncertain world also in globalized economy. After understanding the internal factors of the organistion (Strength and Weakness), need to assess the other factors for competing with others or adding value to create such an environment for sustainity. Figure (Diagram)3. PESTLE Analysis (Developed by Author) In a study of business environment, Johnson et al (2007) identified three layers which are as follows:- The most general layer of the environment is macro-environment as framed the PESTLE which strategies are affected by influences and some of the ways for seeking to handle the outer aspects of the organisation. The broad general layer is the industry or sector as framed five forces which strategies are concentrated the cycles of competition among the organisations. The most immediate layer is markets and competitors which strategies are concentrated to identify direct and indirect competitors. Overall, PESTLE analysis is tool identify the major external factors for running the organisation within a limited arena where opportunities are unlimited but threat may be influenced to stop the activities. PESTLE ANALYSIS OF CMA CGM Political As a European shipping company also to be a french line, CMA CGM has a stable political adventages in own region and over the world. They are getting exclusive cooperation from French government and European Union for extending the business globally. Due to their subsidiries presency in Africa, USA and others, they are able to manage any political issues by their partner and directly. Economical CMA CGM is passing a very tough economic time because of the downturn. They are in crisis from the begining of 2009 where 2008 shows ahuge profit. The Financial time reported that the company is trying to solve the problem by procuring the fund fron government or outside of the country. Sociocultural CMA CGM (2010C) plays a significant role in humaintarean development of the world and commited to promote the well-being of the children, particularly children with disabilities or length illnesses. Handicap International and the International Red Cross is the social partner for supporting the childrens mental and physical development. CMA CGM corporate foundation also support various artistic activities includingg the socaial and cultural activities in port and shipping sector. The foundation contributed in humanitarean and cultural program by working in Franch and Lebanon. Over 60 projects are running by reneoed humanitarean and cultural organisation funded by CMA CGM foundation. Technological E-business is the main systems of container shipping and CMA CGM is serving throgh e-business. Every information related to shipping operations and corporate are available on their website and customer can know any information regarding their cargo or others business function from the corporate website also from the subsidiary website. All vessels are manoeuvring by using latest technilogy which are safest and envirionment friendly. Environmental The Group (CMA CGM,2009) has a plan to cut CO2 emissions by 15 % per container and per kilometre. They will preserve the budget for ocean environment also develop the portfolio which will be environment friendly services and shipping solutions. Fighting against the negative impact of climate or climate change is the key component of Groups environmental policy. The equipment or container of the company is going to convert into eco container for reducing the use carbon as raw material. Most of the vessel of the company is equipped with a combination of innivative environmental features likw fast oil recovery system, multichamber waste compactor to recycle garbage on board , proper water ballast systems and etc. CMA CGM is awraded by Long Beach Harbour in their Green Flag Program . Legal CMA CGM expanded their business through merger and acquisition recently. They owned various lines as per international legal policy and financial tranjection and paying all kinds of tax and duties to the respective government.All vessel of the company are manoeuvering as international standard rules and regulations imposed by IMO (International Maritime Organisation) or other shipping authority. CORPORATE STRATEGY Grant (2005) defines corporate strategy as the scope of the firm in terms of the industries and markets in which it competes and decides the investment procedures through diversification, integration, merger, foreign direct investment, acquisition etc. In a mult-business ( Lasserre,2007) corporation , the corporate stragy features the long term objectives, selecting business portfolio, allocating resources across businesses and designing its structure, systems and processes. Corporate (Koveos, 1997)history has featured lots of ways or approached foe restrucering the company both internally and externally. External restructuring has taken place through a variety of mechanisms including Mergers and Acquisitions. He added that changed world business system augmented by the transition of so many previously planned economies to a new market based framework. Synergy (Koveos, 1997) from mergers or other restructuring activity has been characteristically portrayed as 2+2=5. For getting the c ompettitive advantages or extra benefit from the synergy and entrancing the market or decreasing the barriers, the restructuring process is doing through corporate strategy like mergers and acquisitions. 05. MERGER ACQUSITION The main theme of corporate business strategy is integration of the company. Integrating process may be diversification, Merger and Acquisition, FDI, CSR or any other strategic application. Galpan Herndon (2007) found that well managed integration in an organisation can achieve significant results in working and positive outcomes in a disciplined, acclerreated and resealt-oriented approaches of the employee. Figure (Diagram)5. Merger and acquisition developed by author In a study of strategic management ,Thompson Strickland (2003:p-177) expressed that no company can afford to ignore the strategic and competitive benefits of acquiring or merging with another company to strengthen its market position and open up avenues of new opportunity. That is why MA is one of the best option for penetrating the own product into new market or kill the rivalry for decreasing the competition at present market. 06. MOTIVES FOR MERGERS AND ACQUISITIONS In a study Panayides Gong (2002) stated two major motives of MA in shipping industry and these are Value- maximization and Strategic marketing motives.Value -maximization motives divided into three parts which are as follows:- 01. Market Power. It impacted to the present market and may be extended the business with the help of merged or acquired company. Panayides Gong (2002) brought an example of a shipping company. The case of CP ships and its 1994 acquisition of CAST (Shipping Company) a major competitor of CP ships in the port of Montreal- provide anecdotal evidence completely changed and controlled 85% of the container business in a relatively short period. 02. Efficiency Increase. 03. Operating and Financial synergies. Operating synergies may arise as a result of revenue enhancements and/or cost reductions that are effected from the merger The major strategic objectives of shipping companies may include the acquisition of market share, the expansion or entry into new markets (geographical or new services), acquisition of management skills to argument firm capabilities in relation to new growth areas and the transfer of management capabilities to acquired firms to assists rebuilding. 07. MERGER ACQUISITION IN SHIPPING Maritime industries are prone to uncertainties and risks for their global activities where competitive pressure releted to larger but fewer players. Due to globalization of the world trade especially in shipping, shipping companies are trying to make a global chain for providing the services from door to door as well as adding value by covering the all places of the world. This is the main logistic aims of container shipping to diversify the business by offering wide range of benefits and economic facilities from the origin to the final destination. Minimizing the barriers which are blocked to serve in the chain, they are integrating their compnany by global strategies viz Diversification, MA and etc. Year Coverage 1982 26% 1992 42% 2008 60% Figure (Table) 6. World slot coverage by top 20 carriers (Notteboom Rodrigue ,nd) In 1982, the world slot is coverd by top 20 carriers was 26% and it tremendously incresed in 2008 and the highest 60%. The world container or slot is increasing but the business is going to the limited operators. Merger and acuisition strategy is playing the main role fordeceasing numbof operators. Internationalization and globalization both are created the competitive enivironment in container shipping industry. Preliminary, it transform to the liner service and taking slot from other operators for reducing cost or customization by mother connection with the feeder or quick service. After that the alliances of some opertors like OOCL MISC, former PO and NYK made Global alliance (OOCL, 2010) in 1998 and more allinaces by leading operator driven exclusive business dynamics in this trade. After (Heaver et all, 1993) huge loss in north atlantic container trade in 1993, all operators tried in several times to develop cartel agreements like Transatlantic Agreement (TAA) by determining rates, capacity, supply of the vessel for gaining and minimizing the lost .Acquisition of Australian National Line ANL by CMA CGM or takeover of APL by NOL were the big dealing in ocean conatiner shipping. Surprizingly, MAERSK line (PO Nedlloyd, 2005) merged its core competotr company PO Neddlloyd in 2 005 and expressed as the largest shipping company of the world. Not only horigental integration but also vertical integration of shipping company created more competition in the container shipping market. Furthermore, merger and acquisition is extended to port terminal management, intermodal systems, tourism industry, and shipbuilding for getting more advantages and fullfill the main motto of container shippiing servces (Stopford, 1997) that means door to door service. 08. INTEGRATION OF CMA CGM GROUP Shipping Line Shipping Line A B C D E Shipping Agents or General Sales Agents at Various Port and Country Cargo Handling Company or Stevedores or Terminal Operator Freight Forwarder Or NVOCC ( Non Vessel Operating Common Carrier) Inland Transport Operator or Intermodal or multimodal operator Figure (Diagram)7. Transport Chain Integration based on shipping line example Freeman (2009) argued that containerisation prepares the basis ground of integration in both vertically and horizentally. It is the demand to create the chain or making a system for transpoting the box or container smothly. The main components are Main Line opeations, terminal operations, Intermodal and logistics. The containers are mainly owned by the operator and repositioning from one place to another frequently. So, the responsibilty of the carriers is not finishing by giving only the one service. CORPORATE SHIPPING CONTRACT Vertical Integration of CMA CGM Group LOGISTICS Figure(Diagram) 8. Vertical Integration of CMA CGM Group developed by author. The company integrated vertically by creating the business of logistics, terminal business and intermodal in various countries (Road and rail facilities). Land Transport International and Transit International are two transport channel of trucking and forwarding company for caring the cargo from/to the consignee premises to/from the port or internal transfer from one place to another. The River shuttle containers ( 2010) is the cheaper and more ecological transportation of containers by barge or rail services which are operated in all over the Europe as door to door intermodal services. In addition they have corporate shipping contract with the industry players and international organisation CMA CGM logistics . CMA rail has two subsidiries where 100 % in europe rail link and 55% in Algeria rail link ( Northern Africa). Moreover, they are expanding their rail network in USA and India.TCX multimodal and Progeco covered the area of multimodal carriage which are help to add value in thei r main business.CMA CGM ( The Hindu Business Line,2006)has two subsidiries in terminal and port operations Terminal Link and Portsynergy which are operated in Malta, France, Morocco, North Eastern Europe, USA and Togo. However, they eastablished the supply chain network from the bonded warehouse to ocean tranportation facilities by their subsidiries and independent network of transport. Horigental Integration of CMA CGM Group Container shipping transpotation is the main business of CMA CGM group. They owned the seven container lines of the world ANL, DELMAS OTAL and others to cover the all port and places of the world. As per their strategies, they merged or acquired these lines for getting the compettitive advantages in a specific region and connecting with the main line of CMA CGM. 09. CONCLUSION The Shipping industry (Casson, 1986) has an important role in contemporary restructuring of world trade. Containerisation made the easy transportation of commodity especially for manufaturing goods ant its raw materials. Integration (Freemont, 2009) of the transport chain come up against the financial, technical and human resource capacity of the different actors involved in this trade. Merger and Acquisition of a company is the fruits of research to cover the area for adding value in the shipping services. Other factors like culture, attitude of key employee and environment also key factors to adapt or sustain after merger and acquisition. CMA CGM is the great example of MA for their group activities from the very begining to till date but recent recession affected the group and trying to survive. However, they are trying to manage the fund from outside of the Group (The Financial Times,2010). Corporate business strategy will help them to do better work for upcoming business trends. As shipping is the big business where risk is high and low return, the strategy may be considered carefully and economically.